with examples #chemistrychemicalsnomenclatureguide
Vocabulary
- Ionic Compound: A compound composed of ions held together by ionic bonding.
- Covalent Compound: A compound formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
- Cation: A positively charged ion, typically a metal.
- Anion: A negatively charged ion, typically a non-metal.
- Oxyacid: An acid containing oxygen, hydrogen, and another element.
- Alkane: A hydrocarbon with single carbon-carbon bonds.
- Alkene: A hydrocarbon with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
- Alkyne: A hydrocarbon with a carbon-carbon triple bond.
- Functional Group: A group of atoms causing characteristic reactions in a compound.
- Isomer: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
- Stereochemistry: The study of the 3D arrangement of atoms in molecules.
Chemical Nomenclature Conventions
1. Ionic Compounds
- Naming: Metal first, then non-metal with ‘-ide’ ending.
- Example: NaCl (Sodium Chloride), MgO (Magnesium Oxide)
- Transition Metals: Roman numerals for charge.
- Example: FeCl₂ (Iron(II) Chloride), CuO (Copper(II) Oxide)
2. Covalent Compounds
- Prefixes:
- Mono- (1 atom)
- Di- (2 atoms)
- Tri- (3 atoms)
- Tetra- (4 atoms)
- Penta- (5 atoms)
- Hexa- (6 atoms)
- Hepta- (7 atoms)
- Octa- (8 atoms)
- Nona- (9 atoms)
- Example: CO₂ (Carbon Dioxide), N₂O₄ (Dinitrogen Tetroxide)
3. Acids and Bases
- Binary Acids: ‘Hydro-’ prefix and ‘-ic’ suffix with ‘acid’.
- Example: HCl (Hydrochloric Acid), HBr (Hydrobromic Acid)
- Oxyacids:
- ’-ic’ for ‘-ate’ ions.
- ’-ous’ for ‘-ite’ ions.
- Example: H₂SO₄ (Sulfuric Acid), HNO₂ (Nitrous Acid)
4. Organic Compounds
- Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons (-ane).
- Example: CH₄ (Methane), C₂H₆ (Ethane)
- Alkenes: Hydrocarbons with double bonds (-ene).
- Example: C₂H₄ (Ethene), C₃H₆ (Propene)
- Alkynes: Hydrocarbons with triple bonds (-yne).
- Example: C₂H₂ (Ethyne), C₃H₄ (Propyne)
- Functional Groups:
- Example: C₂H₅OH (Ethanol), CH₃COOH (Acetic Acid)
5. Complex Molecules
- Polyatomic Ions: Named as a single unit.
- Example: NH₄⁺ (Ammonium), SO₄²⁻ (Sulfate)
- Coordination Compounds: Include ligands and central atom’s oxidation state.
- Example: [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ (Hexacyanoferrate(II)), [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ (Tetraamminecopper(II))
6. Isomers
- Naming: Reflects structural differences.
- Example: C₄H₁₀ (Butane and Isobutane), C₆H₁₂O₆ (Glucose and Fructose)
7. Stereochemistry
- Naming: Based on spatial arrangement.
- Example: (R)- and (S)- Enantiomers, E- and Z- Isomers for Alkenes