In Industry and Manufacturing
- Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄): Used in fertilizers, chemicals, petroleum refining, metal processing.
- Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): Employed in paper, textiles, soap, and detergent manufacturing.
- Ammonia (NH₃): Essential for producing fertilizers and various chemicals.
- Ethylene (C₂H₄): Fundamental in plastics, antifreeze, and synthetic rubber production.
- Propylene (C₃H₆): Utilized in plastics, chemicals, and synthetic materials.
- Chlorine (Cl₂): Used in water treatment, disinfectants, and PVC production.
- Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂): Widely used in paint, sunscreen, and food coloring.
- Acetic Acid (CH₃COOH): Key ingredient in vinegar, used in food, beverages, and chemical synthesis.
In Agriculture
- Ammonium Nitrate (NH₄NO₃): A highly effective fertilizer.
- Urea (CO(NH₂)₂): Widely used nitrogen fertilizer.
- Glyphosate (C₃H₈NO₅P): Common herbicide for weed control.
- Potassium Chloride (KCl): Used as a potassium-based fertilizer.
- Phosphoric Acid (H₃PO₄): Important in making phosphate fertilizers.
- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT, C₁₄H₉Cl₅): Previously used as an insecticide in agriculture.
In Medicine and Healthcare
- Ethanol (C₂H₅OH): Disinfectant and pharmaceutical ingredient.
- Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin, C₉H₈O₄): Analgesic and anti-inflammatory.
- Penicillin (Variable formulas): Antibiotics from Penicillium fungi.
- Ibuprofen (C₁₃H₁₈O₂): Widely used as a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory.
- Paracetamol (Acetaminophen, C₈H₉NO₂): Common analgesic and antipyretic.
- Insulin (Variable formulas): Essential hormone for diabetes treatment.
In Food and Beverages
- Sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁): Common table sugar.
- Sodium Chloride (NaCl): Table salt for seasoning and preservation.
- Citric Acid (C₆H₈O₇): Preservative and flavoring agent.
- Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda, NaHCO₃): Used in baking and cooking.
- Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆): A simple sugar and energy source in foods.
- Monosodium Glutamate (MSG, C₅H₈NO₄Na): Flavor enhancer in cooking.
In Energy and Fuels
- Methane (CH₄): Main component of natural gas.
- Ethanol (C₂H₅OH): Biofuel and gasoline additive.
- Gasoline (Variable formulas): Fuel for internal combustion engines.
- Diesel (Variable formulas): Used in diesel engines, heavier than gasoline.
- Propane (C₃H₈): Used in heating, cooking, and as a fuel.
- Butane (C₄H₁₀): Used in lighters and as a propellant.
In Cleaning and Sanitation
- Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO): Active ingredient in bleach.
- Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂): Disinfectant in cleaning products.
- Acetic Acid (Vinegar, C₂H₄O₂): Cleaning agent and preservative.
- Lye (Sodium or Potassium Hydroxide, NaOH/KOH): Used in drain cleaners and soap making.
- Borax (Sodium Borate, Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O): Cleaning agent and laundry booster.
- Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)₂): Used in pool sanitation and disinfection.
In Cosmetics and Personal Care
- Glycerol (Glycerine, C₃H₈O₃): Moisturizer in skincare and personal care products.
- Silicones (Various formulas):
Widely used in hair care and cosmetic products.
- Zinc Oxide (ZnO): Active ingredient in sunscreens and skin protectants.
- Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS, C₁₂H₂₅SO₄Na): Common in shampoos and toothpaste.
In Environmental and Safety Applications
- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): Used in fire extinguishers and as a refrigerant.
- Ammonium Sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄): Used in flame retardant materials.
- Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash, Na₂CO₃): Used in water softening and pH adjustment.
This expanded list covers a broad range of chemicals integral to various sectors, including their applications and chemical formulas, offering a comprehensive overview of their importance in modern society.